Cloud base height decides whether an approach can be flown. For offshore helicopter
operations it is one of the two limiting weather parameters, alongside visibility, and unlike
wind it cannot be judged usefully from the deck - a human observer looking up at an overcast
sky cannot tell 200 feet from 500 feet, and the difference is operational.
A ceilometer measures it directly using LIDAR. The instrument fires a short pulse of laser
light upward and times the backscatter returning from cloud droplets. Because light travels a
known distance in a known time, the delay gives the height of the scattering layer. The CBME80B
does this with a low-power diode laser whose output is limited to an eye-safe level - formally
Class 1M in accordance with IEC 60825-1 - which is what allows an instrument pointing a laser
into the sky to be installed on a working deck where people move around it.
It reads 0 to 7,500 m, or 0 to 25,000 feet, at 10 m resolution with selectable units, and
accuracy is quoted as the greater of 10 m or 1 percent of height measured against a hard target.
Reporting is periodic at a selectable interval from 15 to 120 seconds. Detecting up to three
cloud layers simultaneously is more useful than it sounds: real skies are layered, and an
aviation report needs to describe the structure rather than just the lowest surface. The
instrument outputs cloud height for up to three layers or vertical visibility, cloud amount and
sky condition, and its own status.
Vertical visibility is the fallback measurement and the reason a ceilometer is not simply a
cloud-base meter. In fog or heavy precipitation there is no distinct cloud base to find, because
the obscuration is continuous from the surface upward. In that case the instrument reports how
far it can see vertically, which is the parameter an aviation report requires when the sky is
indiscernible.
Practically it is a standalone unit weighing 15 kg, running from 115 V or 230 V AC at 45-65
Hz with a 12 V DC option, drawing 30 W for the electronics and up to 200 W for the heater. That
heater is the important half of the power budget: optics pointing at the sky collect dew, frost
and dirt, and a contaminated window reads as cloud. It operates from -40 to +60 degrees C and
interfaces over RS-232 or FSK/V23 - the latter being a modem-style tone signalling scheme that
allows the data to travel over an ordinary telephone-grade pair, which is how these get
connected on older installations.